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| ○ | Review | The tale of TILs in breast cancer: A report from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group | The advent of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in modern oncology has significantly improved survival in several cancer settings. A subgroup of women with breast cancer (BC) has immunogenic infiltration of lymphocytes with expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). These patients may potentially benefit from ICI targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 signaling axis. The use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as predictive and prognostic biomarkers has been under intense examination. Emerging data suggest that TILs are associated with response to both cytotoxic treatments and immunotherapy, particularly for patients with triple-negative BC. In this review from The International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group, we discuss (a) the biological understanding of TILs, (b) their analytical and clinical validity and efforts toward the clinical utility in BC, and (c) the current status of PD-L1 and TIL testing across different continents, including experiences from low-to-middle-income countries, incorporating also the view of a patient advocate. This information will help set the stage for future approaches to optimize the understanding and clinical utilization of TIL analysis in patients with BC. © 2021, The Author(s). | El Bairi, Khalid; Haynes, Harry R.; Blackley, Elizabeth; Fineberg, Susan; Shear, Jeffrey; Turner, Sophia; de Freitas, Juliana Ribeiro; Sur, Daniel; Amendola, Luis Claudio; Gharib, Masoumeh; Kallala, Amine; Arun, Indu; Azmoudeh-Ardalan, Farid; Fujimoto, Luciana; Sua, Luz F.; Liu, Shi-Wei; Lien, Huang-Chun; Kirtani, Pawan; Balancin, Marcelo; El Attar, Hicham; Guleria, Prerna; Yang, Wenxian; Shash, Emad; Chen, I-Chun; Bautista, Veronica; Do Prado Moura, Jose Fernando; Rapoport, Bernardo L.; Castaneda, Carlos; Spengler, Eunice; Acosta-Haab, Gabriela; Frahm, Isabel; Sanchez, Joselyn; Castillo, Miluska; Bouchmaa, Najat; Md Zin, Reena R.; Shui, Ruohong; Onyuma, Timothy; Yang, Wentao; Husain, Zaheed; Willard-Gallo, Karen; Coosemans, An; Perez, Edith A.; Provenzano, Elena; Ericsson, Paula Gonzalez; Richardet, Eduardo; Mehrotra, Ravi; Sarancone, Sandra; Ehinger, Anna; Rimm, David L.; Bartlett, John M. S.; Viale, Giuseppe; Denkert, Carsten; Hida, Akira I.; Sotiriou, Christos; Loibl, Sibylle; Hewitt, Stephen M.; Badve, Sunil; Symmans, William Fraser; Kim, Rim S.; Pruneri, Giancarlo; Goel, Shom; Francis, Prudence A.; Inurrigarro, Gloria; Yamaguchi, Rin; Garcia-Rivello, Hernan; Horlings, Hugo; Afqir, Said; Salgado, Roberto; Adams, Sylvia; Kok, Marleen; Dieci, Maria Vittoria; Michiels, Stefan; Demaria, Sandra; Loi, Sherene; de Freitas, Juliana Ribeiro; Lien, Huang-Chun; Denkert, Carsten; Symmans, William Fraser; Goel, Shom; Inurrigarro, Gloria; Demaria, Sandra; Schelfhout, Vera; Arbzadeh, Elham; Bondanar, Anastasiya; Reyes, Silvio Antonio Galeano; Ruz, Jose Ramirez; Kang, Jun; Xiang, Lu; Zimovjanova, Martina; Togores, Pilar; Ozturk, Tulin; Patil, Asawari; Corpa, Marcus; Whitehouse, Ann; Tan, Benjamin; de Paula, Alfredo; Rossetti, Claudia; Lang-Schwarz, Corinna; Mahon, Sarah; Giacometti, Cinzia; Linderholm, Barbro; Deman, Frederik; Montagna, Giacomo; Gong, Gyungyub; Pavcovich, Marta; Chaer, Yeesoo; Cabrero, Isabel Alvarado; de Brito, Mayana Lopes; Ilieva, Nevena; Fulop, Annamaria; Souza, Maiara; Bilancia, Domenico; Idowu, Michael; Johri, Ritika; Szpor, Joanna; Bachani, Lira; Schmitt, Fernando; Giannotti, Mag; Kurebayashi, Yutaka; Ramirez, Bruno Elias Anota; Salido, Eduardo; Bortesi, Laura; Bonetto, Sara; Elomina, Kevin; Lopez, Patricia; Sharma, Vijay; Edirisinghe, Amalika; Mathur, Dhanvi; Sahay, Ayushi; Mouloud, Makhlouf Ait; Giang, Chau Huynh; Mukolwe, Edwin; Kiruka, Edgar; Samberg, Nancy; Abe, Norie; Brown, Mark; Millar, Ewan; Li, Xiaoxian; Yuan, Zheng; Pasupathy, Asokan; Miele, Raffaele; Luff, Ronald; e Porfirio, Monica Modesto Araujo; Ajemba, Ogugua; Soni, Rashida; Orvieto, Enrico; DiMaio, Michael; Thomas, Jeremy; Merard, Reena; Subramaniam, Manish Mani; Apolinario, Thiago; Preda, Ovidiu; Preda, Ricardo; Makanga, Alexander; Maior, Marcelo Souto; Li, Lingyu; Saghatchian, Mahasti; Saurine, Tricia; Janssen, Emiel; Cochran, John; Vlada, Nikitina; Cappellesso, Rocco; Elfer, Katherine; Hollick, Morven; Desai, Sangeeta; Oner, Gizem; Schreurs, Arthur; Liu, Steve; Perera, Rashindrie; Mercurio, Paola; Garcia, Felip; Hosny, Kareem; Matsumoto, Hirofumi; van Deurzen, Carolien; Bianchini, Giampaolo; Coban, Ipek; Jahangir, Arif; Rahman, Arman; Stover, Daniel; Luz, Paulo; Martel, Anne; Waumans, Yannick; Stenzinger, Albrecht; Cortes, Javier; Dimitrova, Polina; Nauwelaers, Inne; Velasco, Montse; Fan, Fang; Akturk, Guray; Firer, Michael; Roxanis, Ioannis; Schneck, Mary; Wen, Hannah; Cockenpot, Vincent; Konstantinov, Aleksei; Calatrava, Ana; Vidya, M.N.; Choi, Hyun Joo; Jank, Paul; ÇÏinen, Aini Hyyti; Sabanathan, Dhanusha; Floris, Giuseppe; Hoeflmayer, Doris; Hamada, Tetsuo; Laudus, Nele; Grigoriadis, Anita; Porcellato, Ilaria; Acs, Balazs; Miglietta, Federica; Parrodi, Jeannette; Clunie, David; Calhoun, Benjamin; Lu, Fang-I; Lefevre, Alex; Tabbarah, Sami; Tran, William; Garcia-murillas, Isaac; Jelinic, Petar; Boeckx, Carolien; Souza, Sandra; Cebollero, MarÇða; Felip, Eudald; Rendon, Jose Luis Solorzano; El Gabry, Ehab; Saltz, Joel; Bria, Emilio; Garufi, Giovanna; Hartman, Johan; Sebastian, Manu; Olofsson, Helena; Kooreman, Loes; Cucherousset, Joël; Mathieu, Marie-Christine; Ballesteros-Merino, Carmen; Siziopikou, Popi; Fong, Jacinta; Klein, Molly; Qulis, Ignasi Roig I.; Wesseling, Jelle; Bellolio, Enrique; Araya, Juan Carlos; Naber, Stephen; Cheang, Maggie; Castellano, Isabella; Ales, Ales; Laenkholm, Anne-Vibeke; Kulka, Janina; Quinn, Cecily; Sapino, Anna; Amendoeira, Isabel; Marchio, Caterina; Braybrooke, Jeremy; Vincent-Salomon, Anne; Korski, Konstanty; Sofopoulos, Michail; Stovgaard, Elisabeth Ida Specht; Bianchi, Simonetta; Bago-Horvath, Zsuzsanna; Yu, Clare; Regitnig, Peter; Hall, Sean; Kos, Zuzana; Sant, Sneha; Tille, Jean-Christophe; Gallas, Brandon; Bethmann, Daniel; Savas, Peter; Mendes, Larissa; Soler, Teresa; van Seijen, Maartje; Gruosso, Tina; Quintana, Angela; Giltnane, Jennifer; Van den Eynden, Gert; Duregon, Eleonora; de Cabo, Rafa; Recamo, Phil Coates; Gaboury, Louis; Zimmerman, Johannes; Pop, Claudia Stanciu; Wernicke, Alejandra; Williams, David; Gill, Anthony; Solomon, Benjamin; Thapa, Bibhusal; Farshid, Gelareh; Gilham, Leslie; Christie, Michael; O’Toole, Sandra; Hendry, Shona; Fox, Stephen B.; Luen, Stephen J.; Lakhani, Sunil R.; Fuchs, Talia; John, Tom; Brcic, Iva; Hainfellner, Johannes; Sigurd, Lax; Preusser, Matthias; Poortmans, Philip; Decaluwe, Alex; Carey, Caroline; Colpaert, Cecile; Larsimont, Denis; Peeters, Dieter; Broeckx, Glenn; van de Vijver, Koen; Buisseret, Laurence; Dirix, Luc; Hertoghs, Marjan; Piccart, Martine; Ignatiadis, Michail; Van Bockstal, Mieke; Sirtaine, Nicolas; Vermeulen, Peter; de Wind, Roland; Declercq, Sabine; Gevaert, Thomas; Haibe-Kans, Benjamin; Nelson, Brad H.; Watson, Peter H.; Leung, Sam; Nielsen, Torsten; Shi, Leming; Balslev, Eva; Thagaard, Jeppe; Almangush, Alhadi; Makitie, Antti; Joensuu, Heikki; Lundin, Johan; Drubay, Damien; Roblin, Elvire; Andre, Fabrice; Penault-Llorca, Frederique; Lemonnier, Jerome; Adam, Julien; Lacroix-Triki, Magali; Ternes, Nils; Radosevic-Robin, Nina; Klaushen, Frederick; Weber, Karsten; Harbeck, Nadia; Gluz, Oleg; Wienert, Stephan; Cserni, Gabor; Vingiani, Andrea; Criscitiello, Carmen; Solinas, Cinzia; Curigliano, Giuseppe; Konishi, Eiichi; Suzuki, Eiji; Yoshikawa, Katsuhiro; Kawaguchi, Kosuke; Takada, Masahiro; Toi, Masakazu; Ishida, Mitsuaki; Shibata, Nobuhiro; Saji, Shigehira; Kogawa, Takahiro; Sakatani, Takashi; Okamoto, Takeru; Moriya, Takuya; Kataoka, Tatsuki; Shimoi, Tatsunori; Sugie, Tomohagu; Sugie, Tomoharu; Mukohara, Toru; Shu, Yazaki; Kikawa, Yuichiro; Kozuka, Yuji; Sayed, Shahin; Rahayu, Reena; Ramsaroop, Reena; Senkus-Konefka, Elżbieta; Chmielik, Ewa; Cardoso, Fatima; Ribeiro, Joana; Chan, Jack; Dent, Rebecca; Martin, Miguel; Hagen, Carlos; Guerrero, Angel; Rojo, Federico; Comerma, Laura; Nuciforo, Paolo; Serrano, Victor Vivo; Cámaea, Vincente Peg; Steenbruggen, Tessa; Ciompi, Francesco; Nederlof, Iris; van der Laak, Jeroen; van den Berg, Jose; Voorwerk, Leonie; van de Vijver, Mark; de Maaker, Michiel; Linn, Sabine; McKenzie, Hayley; Somaiah, Navita; Tutt, Andrew; Swanton, Charles; Hiley, Crispin; Moore, David A.; Hall, Jacqueline A.; Le Quesne, John; Jabbar, Khalid Abdul; al Bakir, Maise; Hills, Robert; Irshad, Sheeba; Yuan, Yinyin; Li, Zaibo; Liu, Minetta; Klein, Jonathan; Fadare, Oluwole; Thompson, Alastair; Lazar, Alexander J.; Gown, Allen; Lo, Amy; Garrido Castro, Ana C.; Madabhushi, Anant; Moreira, Andre; Richardson, Andrea; Beck, Andrew H.; Bellizzi, Andrew M.; Wolff, Antonio; Harbhajanka, Aparna; Sharma, Ashish; Cimino-Mathews, Ashley; Srinivasan, Ashok; Singh, Baljit; Chennubhotla, Chakra S.; Chauhan, Cynthia; Dillon, Deborah A.; Zardavas, Dimitrios; Johnson, Douglas B.; Thompson, Aubrey E.; Brogi, Edi; Reisenbichler, Emily; Huang, Erich; Hirsch, Fred R.; McArthur, Heather; Ziai, James; Brock, Jane; Kerner, Jennifer; Zha, Jiping; Lennerz, Jochen K.; Carter, Jodi M.; Reis-Filho, Jorge; Sparano, Joseph; Balko, Justin M.; Pogue-Geile, Katherine; Steele, Keith E.; Blenman, Kim R. M.; Allison, Kimberly H.; Pusztai, Lajos; Cooper, Lee; Estrada, Valeria M.; Flowers, Margaret; Robson, Mark; Rebelatto, Marlon C.; Hanna, Matthew G.; Goetz, Matthew P.; Khojasteh, Mehrnoush; Sanders, Melinda E.; Regan, Meredith M.; Misialek, Michael; Amgad, Mohamed; Tung, Nadine; Singh, Rajendra; Huang, Richard; Pierce, Robert H.; Leon-Ferre, Roberto; Swain, Sandra; Ely, Scott; Kim, Seong-Rim; Bedri, Shahinaz; Paik, Soonmyung; Schnitt, Stuart; d’Alfons, Timothy; Kurkure, Uday; Bossuyt, Veerle; Tong, Weida; Wang, Yihong; Dos Anjos, Carlos Henrique; Gaire, Fabien; Van Diest, Paul J. | Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Ist University, Oujda, Morocco; Department of Cellular Pathology, Great Western Hospital, Swindon, United Kingdom, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Chief Information Officer, WISS & Company, LLP and President J. Shear Consulting, LLC–Ardsley, Ardsley, NY, United States; ICPV, Independent Cancer Patient Voice, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical School of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine “I. Hatieganu”, Cluj Napoca, Romania; Brazilian Society of Oncology, Salvador, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Hopital Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Histopathology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India; Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pathology and Legal Medicine, Amazon Federal University, Belém, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fundacion Valle del Lili, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia; Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China; Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Histopathology, Manipal Hospitals Dwarka, New Delhi, India; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Apc labs - Annasr Pathology Center, El Jadida, Morocco; Army Hospital Research and Referral, Delhi Cantt, New Delhi, India; Aginome Scientific Pte Ltd, Xiamen, China; Breast Cancer Comprehensive Center, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Breast Cancer Center FUCAM, Mexico City, Mexico; Centro de Pesquisas Clinicas do IMIP, Recife, Brazil; The Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, corner Doctor Savage Road and Bophelo Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, 15038, Peru, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Departmento de Patologia, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Argentina; Department of Pathology, Hospital de Oncología Maria Curie, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pathology, Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, 15038, Peru; Department of Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas, Lima, 15038, Peru; Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben-Guerir, 43 150, Morocco; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Pathology, Fudan University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Pathology, Fudan University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Praava Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumour Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Clinical Oncology Unit, Instituto Oncológico Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; India Cancer Research Consortium-ICMR, Department of Health Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Pathology, Laboratorio QUANTUM, Rosario, Argentina; Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Diagnostic Development, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, and University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg and Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg, Germany; Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, United States; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, RCCS Fondazione Istituto Nazionale Tumori and University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, Medical Oncology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Department of pathology Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Ist University, Oujda, Morocco; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium; Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical School, New York, NY, United States; Divisions of Medical Oncology, Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy; Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, Oncostat U1018, Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, labeled Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Medical School of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg and Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Department of pathology Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, AZ Sint-Maarten, Mechelen, Belgium; Department of Pathology, VCU, Richmond, VA, United States; Pathomorphology, Buzoo KOD, Omsk, Russian Federation; Anatomical Pathology, HUFA, Alcorcón, Spain; Pathology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea; Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China; Oncology, General Teaching hospital Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Medical Oncology, Centro Oncologico De Galicia, A Coruña, Spain; Pathology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey; Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, ACTREC, Mumbai, India; Pathology, Hospital israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Histopathology, Sullivan Nicolaides, Darwin City, NT, Australia; Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Dentistry, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil; Anatomical Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil; Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Department of Pathology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Pathology, ULSS 6 Euganea, Padua, Italy; Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Insitutet, Solna, Sweden; Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium; Breast surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan, South Korea; Pathology, Complejo hospitalario universitario insular materno infantile, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Medical Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Pathology, Mexican Oncology Hospital, IMSS, Mexico, Mexico; Medical Oncology, Clínica AMO, Salvador, Brazil; Pathology, Complex oncology center Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Anatomical Pathology, The Oncology Institute Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Pathology, Imagepat, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Regionale San Carlo, San Carlo, Italy; Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Virgina, VA, United States; Pathology, AIIMS, Bhopal, India; Pathology, Katedra Patomorfologii UJ CM, Kraków, Poland; Pathology, Unipath, Jaipur, India; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal; Pathology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Pathology, Unidad de Patologia y Reumatologua, Mexico, Mexico; Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain; Pathology, IRCCS sacrocuore don calabria, Verona, Italy; U.O. Anatomia Patologica, ASST Lariana-Ospedale “Sant’Anna di Como”, Vicenza, Italy; Laboratory Medicine, De La Salle University Medical Center, De La Salle, Philippines; Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Colombia, United States; Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Pathology, NSW Health, Gosford, NSW, Australia; Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat, India; Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India; Faculté de Médecine, Université Mouloud MAMMERI, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria; Pathology, Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho Chin Minh, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Driving, Imperial Driving School, Kisumu City, Kenya; Driving, Imperial Driving School, Kisumu City, Kenya; Iovance Biotherapeutics, San Carlos, CA, United States; Breast Surgery, Nakagami Hospital, Okinawa, Japan; Pathology, Q2 Solutions, Bathgate, United Kingdom; NSW Health Pathology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Histogenex, Beijing, China; Department of Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Ospedale Pellegrini, Napoli, Italy; Anatomic Pathology for Clinical Trials, Quest Diagnostics, California, United States; Department of Pathology, Argos - Fortaleza-CE, Fortaleza, Brazil; Anatomic Pathology, Q2 Solutions, California, United States; Pathology, Q2 lab solutions and Henry Mayo Newhall Hospital, California, United States; UOC Anatomia Patologica, ULSS5 Polesana Rovigo, Rovigo, Italy; Pathology, DPMG, Sacramento, United States; Anatomic Pathology, Q2 Lab Solutions, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States; Anatomic Pathology, Q2 Lab Solutions, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States; Anatomic Pathology, Q2 Lab Solutions, Bathgate, United Kingdom; Department of Oncology, IMIP, Northeast, Brazil; Surgical Pathology, San Cecilio Hospital, Granada, Spain; Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health, Sydney, Australia; Histopathology Department, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, North Wales, United Kingdom; Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Pathology, Gustave Roussy Institut, Villejuif, France; Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Q2 Solutions, Atlanta, GA, United States; Pathology, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; Pathological Anatomy, Padova University Hospital, Padua, Italy; Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States; School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India; Multidisciplinary Oncologic Centre Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Pathology, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Optimisation and Pattern Recognition Group, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Anatomic Pathology, ASST Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Italy; Pathology Department, Hospital Quiron Salud, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States; Department of Pathology, Nakagami Hospital, Okinawa, Japan; Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Medical Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Anatomic Pathology, Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, Ýstanbul, Turkey; Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland; Precision Oncology Ireland, Conway Institute, UCD, Dublin, Ireland; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Colombus, OH, United States; Medical Oncology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Histogenex, Antwerpen, Belgium; Institute of Pathology Heidelberg (IPH), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Head breast Cancer Program, Oncology Department, IOB institute of Oncology, Quiron Group, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Hospital de Mataro, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KansasCity, KS, United States; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ramat Gan, Israel; Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Histogenex, Antwerpen, Belgium; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France; Department of Pathology, Saint-Petersburg clinical scientific and practical center for specialised types of medical care (oncological), St.Petersburg, Russian Federation; Fundacion Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain; Histopathology, Aster Labs, Shoreview, St Paul, MN, United States; St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and KU Leuven- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Pathology, Leuven, Belgium; Institut für Pathologie, UK Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Surgical Pathology, JR Kyushu Hospital, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan; Biomedical Quality Assurance Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Cancer Bioinformatics Lab, Cancer Centre at Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Consulting, PixelMed, Bangor, PA, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Roche Diagnostics, Brussel, Belgium; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, NJ, United States; Roche Diagnostics, Brussel, Belgium; Oncology Merck & Co, Kenilworth, NJ, United States; Pathology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics department, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Roche, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, Agostino Gemelli IRCCS Polyclinic Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Departments of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Clinical Pathology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands; GHI Le Raincy-Montfermeil, Chelles, Île-de-France, Montfermeil, France; Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute/ Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Pathology, Breast Pathology Section, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Departamento de Anatomia Patologica, Hospital de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Pathology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, United States; Institute of Cancer Research Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Surgical Pathology Zealand University Hospital, Zealand, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pathology, St Vincentfs University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; University of Turin / Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy; Servico de Anatomia Patologica, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao and Ipatimup, Porto, Portugal; University of Turin at Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom; Institut Curie, Department of Pathology, Inserm U934,Paris Sciences Lettres University, Paris, France; Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany; Department of Surgical Pathology, gSaint Savvash Regional Anticancer Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DSS), Firenze, Italy; Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; The Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Pathology, BC Cancer Agency Vancouver Centre, Department of Pathology, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States; University Hospital Halle (Saale), Institute of Pathology, Halle (Saale), Germany; Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Oncology Department, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Oncobell, IDIBELL, LfHospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908, Catalonia, Spain; Department of molecular pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Translational Research, Forbius, Montreal, Canada; Vall dfHebron Hospital Research Institute, Autoimmune Diseases department, Barcelona, Spain; Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Ziekenhuizen, Wilrijk, Belgium; Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, 21224, MD, United States; Experimental Gerontology Section and Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, United States; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, Canada; Scientific Director, Image Analysis, AstraZeneca Computational Pathology, Munich Area, Germany; Pathology, CHU UCL, Namur, Belgium; Anatomical Pathology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Directorate of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia; Consumer Advisory Panel, Breast Cancer Trials, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; The Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australian Clinical Labs, Darlinghurst, Australia; Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Medicine, Clinical Division of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Medicine, Clinical Division of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Radiation Oncology, Iridium Kankernetwerk, Wilrijk- Antwerp, Belgium, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Antwerpen, 2610, Belgium; Department of Radiology, Jules Bordet Institute, Bruxelles, Belgium; Roche Diagnostics, Brussel, Belgium; Department of Pathology, AZ Turnhout, Turnhout, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium; HistoGeneX NV, Antwerp, Belgium and AZ Sint-Maarten Hospital, Mechelen, Belgium; Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium; Department of Pathology, University Hospital Ghent, Gent, Belgium; Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Medical Oncology, GZA, Antwerp, Belgium; Pathology department of ZNA and GZA hospitals in Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Medical Oncology, GZA, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Laboratory, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Canada; Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Center for Pharmacogenomics and Fudan-Zhangjiang, Center for Clinical Genomics School of Life Sciences and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; DTU Compute, Department of Applied Mathematics, Technical University of Denmark; Horsholm, Denmark; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Gustave Roussy, Universite Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France, Université Paris-Sud, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France, Service de biostatistique et dfepidemiologie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le cancer - Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; R&D UniCancer, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Grand Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Department of Surgical Pathology and Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg, Germany; Breast Center, Dept. OB&GYN and CCC (LMU), University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Johanniter GmbH - Evangelisches Krankenhaus Bethesda Mönchengladbach, West German Study Group, Monchengladbach, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany; Department of Pathology, Bács-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemét, Hungary, Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy; Azienda AUSL, Regional Hospital of Aosta, Aosta, Italy; University of Milano, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Departments of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Kyoto University, Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto, Japan; Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan; Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Kyoto University, Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Breast Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Medical Oncology, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Japan; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical School, Hirakata, Japan; Breast Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Breast Surgery, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pathology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan; Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Laboratory Services, , UKM Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Surgical Pathologist, North Shore Hospital, WDHB, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gda.sk, Gdansk, Poland; Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Gliwice, Poland; Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Center/Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Medical Oncology Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Palex Medical SA - Exact Sciences Corp, Madrid, Spain; Department of Oncology, IVO Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Pathology Department, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Fundación Jimenez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain, GEICAM-Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group, Madrid, Spain; Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Molecular Oncology Group, Vall dfHebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario de Castelló, Castello, Spain; Pathology Department, H.U. Vall dfHebron, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology, The Netherland Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Pathology Group, Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Research IT, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Pathology Group, Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Medical Oncology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Translational Breast Radiobiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Honorary Consultant Clinical Oncologist (Breast), The Royal Marsden, London, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, United Kingdom, University College Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Vivactiv Ltd, Bellingdon, Bucks, United Kingdom; Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, and MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Evolution and Cancer; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Evolution and Cancer; The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Joint Appointment, Department of laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Research Chair, Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Mutter Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, New York, NY, United States; Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, United States; Surgical Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Departments of Pathology, Genomic Medicine, Dermatology, and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; PhenoPath Laboratories, Seattle, WA, United States; Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH, United States; Pulmonary Pathology, New York University Center for Biospecimen Research and Development, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States; PathAI, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States; Breast Cancer Trials, Women’s Malignancies Disease Group, The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center affiliated with Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Centre, New York, NY, United States; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Mayo Clinic Breast SPORE, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Oncology Clinical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, Department of Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; PathAI Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States; Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersberg, MD, United States; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, United States; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, United States; NSABP/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersberg, MD, United States; Yale Cancer Center Genetics, Genomics and Epigenetics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Pathology Department, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, United States; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Biorepository and Tissue Technology Shared Resources, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States; Breast Cancer Research Foundation, New York, NY, United States; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersberg, MD, United States; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, Department of Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, United States; Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Digital Pathology, Santa Clara, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, United States; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, Division of Biostatistics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Vernon Cancer Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Central Laboratory and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Anatomic Pathology, Boston, MA, United States; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, Department of Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Roche Tissue Diagnostics, Digital Pathology, Santa Clara, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States; Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands | 57188979296; 55736607300; 57195835452; 7006317362; 57368067400; 57224846280; 7103032116; 57194064798; 26642323700; 55795896400; 57367864000; 36645541100; 55665022600; 57367655900; 36523821700; 56923829600; 57367029600; 57191754506; 53979396000; 8960667900; 57201476520; 57202839798; 37050392300; 55434113300; 55991974000; 55947297100; 55118201600; 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7004853399; 57024165300; 56228357900; 59432208200; 7004637936; 57199728685; 24450363500; 57222405073; 14008288000; 58551946100; 36106897100; 6602763291; 57367240800; 6701877555; 57880644400; 57889138200; 55446982600; 58778278000; 8717215600; 7102257441; 57203334505; 57189500128; 57201997503; 35267749700; 57190113406; 57192946111; 57218719422; 57191380185; 7004833949; 57202322018; 57210545849; 24485102900; 7006629678; 57205486523; 56243091300; 6701731185; 57367240900; 57835892900; 55343067700; 7005741987; 26653700700; 57204457794; 6602223575; 56074942000; 7005397716; 25930370100; 57197670796; 8923899700; 40462626000; 23668966300; 7005991198; 56786584600; 6603340051; 14055750200; 57216756741; 7402428032; 7402745229; 23479802900; 7201759696; 7401640714; 7003307641; 57203720017; 55840874100; 7003415318; 7101710597; 7005938363; 56182003300; 57216743397; 7102504411; 7006142994; 55744133400; 23110244900; 6507177672; 55998322500; 55627369500; 57216748437; 37666392900; 34570179900; 14518981100; 26323424900; 56146609100; 55052223400; 23134685200; 57192418964; 57221578995; 7006943429; 54413127100; 57195692438; 57158687500; 57465531200; 57216427862; 57871276400; 9840385900; 35445146600; 36019203300; 7004016795; 57881039200; 7202695427; 7202469335; 57190659767; 55747754217; 7102600865; 6603427146; 58733176400; 23497313100; 59683044500; 26635898200; 57368277800; 57126057300; 35576852100; 6508062524; 7005873547; 57125461600; 57202060409; 18433252400; 57220775104; 57189235371; 8685146500; 7005834144; 36338818000; 55914941500; 57368070100; 57216756567; 57191173545; 32667506900; 57207189789; 6701833644; 57206391986; 57208784385; 7005882956; 30467503500; 7102590154; 56556254300; 19837839700; 7003428170; 7005912775; 26023290600; 57208119255; 59102260200; 57201489814; 58735428000; 57221923050; 57220456332; 6506379569; 7402706941; 57191372057; 9232458100; 7404605137; 55178208100; 57209858375; 8771754600; 35425365400; 48662240800; 36537064000; 6603019206; 58347811800; 7402533820; 35363449100; 14036922900; 7102453892; 23094569000; 57201794355; 36598126600; 57203956575; 57212223503; 9237893300; 22978387100; 7005454395; 16306085200; 57226535383; 56562355200; 6701428901; 8358929100; 58790555800; 7101956356; 16309997900; 8979530900; 57222283969; 57221349177; 57881005800; 8586795000; 56031885300; 7006628885; 7005383437; 15077779500; 6602688350; 7103327719; 6508309378; 57201524002; 57218887355; 36470124000; 57217160127; 57197625831; 57203678420; 55146939100; 56572091300; 7101881567; 57216753504; 7401468446; 7103031293; 6507207580; 55037269400; 56467817200; 16937390100; 57213925203; 7201483127; 55445562500; 56776959300; 7004457055; 54784592000; 15047431200; 57206345605; 7005283078; 57216754192; 57367190900; 24729058900; 7202449311; 59859298200; 55978818900; 6508113039; 7102753018 | k.elbairi@ump.ac.ma; | npj Breast Cancer | NPJ BREAST CANCER | N/A | 2374-4677 | 7 | 1 | SCIE | ONCOLOGY | 2021 | 7.519 | 20.2 | 7.16 | 2025-07-30 | 165 | atezolizumab; cisplatin; cyclophosphamide; doxorubicin; durvalumab; epirubicin; lapatinib; letrozole; nivolumab; pembrolizumab; programmed death 1 ligand 1; programmed death 1 receptor; tamoxifen; trastuzumab; breast cancer; circulating tumor cell; cost effectiveness analysis; human; lymphocytic infiltration; middle income country; Review; triple negative breast cancer; tumor associated leukocyte | English | Final | 2021 | 10.1038/s41523-021-00346-1 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | ||||||||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Utilization of room temperature ionic liquids in the synthesis of Pt-based catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction | Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been considered an interesting alternative to stabilizers in platinum (Pt) nanoparticle synthesis because they can prevent agglomeration of nanoparticles and act as a reaction medium. In addition, since RTILs remain in a liquid state over a wide range of temperatures, Pt catalyst processing steps, such as heat treatments and surface cleaning, can be omitted, and the Pt nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed under fuel cell operating conditions. Herein, we summarize the significant works on recent advances and developments using RTILs to prepare Pt-based catalysts related to the application in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Moreover, peculiar attention has been paid to the role of RTILs in improving the performance and efficiency of the RTILs and their effects on catalyst structure- and composition-control, detailed by examining several aspects. Finally, we outlook the challenges and opportunities of the research in the relevant fields for the development of ORR catalysts. (c) 2021 Author(s). | Shaik, Shajahan; Kim, Hee Jin; Choi, Sang-Il | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Chem, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Greennano Mat Res Ctr, Daegu 41566, South Korea | Choi, Sang-Il/N-7571-2013; Kim, Heejin/HII-8568-2022; Choi, Sang-Il/AGR-1133-2022; Shaik, Shajahan/AAL-6905-2020 | 57204456317; 57193334513; 56167600800 | sichoi@knu.ac.kr; | APL MATERIALS | APL MATER | 2166-532X | 9 | 2 | SCIE | MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY;NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY;PHYSICS, APPLIED | 2021 | 6.635 | 20.2 | 0.3 | 2025-07-30 | 6 | 4 | GREEN SOLVENTS; GRAPHENE OXIDE; PLATINUM; ELECTROCATALYSTS; BIOCATALYSIS; PERFORMANCE; COMPOSITE; FACILE; SIZE | Electrolytic reduction; Fuel cells; Heat treatment; Ionic liquids; Metal nanoparticles; Oxygen; Oxygen reduction reaction; Surface cleaning; Synthesis (chemical); Catalyst structures; Composition control; Nanoparticle synthesis; Operating condition; Processing steps; Pt nanoparticles; Pt-based catalyst; Room temperature ionic liquids; Catalysts | English | 2021 | 2021-02-01 | 10.1063/5.0035999 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | ||||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Eif2b3 mutants recapitulate phenotypes of vanishing white matter disease and validate novel disease alleles in zebrafish | Leukodystrophy with vanishing white matter (VWM), also called Childhood Ataxia with Central Nervous System Hypomyelination, is caused by mutations in the subunits of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4 or EIF2B5. However, little is known regarding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and there is no curative treatment for VWM. In this study, we established the first EIF2B3 animal model for VWM disease in vertebrates by CRISPR mutagenesis of the highly conserved zebrafish ortholog eif2b3. Using CRISPR, we generated two mutant alleles in zebrafish eif2b3, 10- and 16-bp deletions, respectively. The eif2b3 mutants showed defects in myelin development and glial cell differentiation, and increased expression of genes in the induced stress response pathway. Interestingly, we also found ectopic angiogenesis and increased VEGF expression. Ectopic angiogenesis in the eif2b3 mutants was reduced by the administration of VEGF receptor inhibitor SU5416. Using the eif2b3 mutant zebrafish model together with in silico protein modeling analysis, we demonstrated the pathogenicity of 18 reported mutations in EIF2B3, as well as of a novel variant identified in a 19-month-old female patient: c.503 T > C (p.Leu168Pro). In summary, our zebrafish mutant model of eif2b3 provides novel insights into VWM pathogenesis and offers rapid functional analysis of human EIF2B3 gene variants. | Lee, Yu-Ri; Kim, Se Hee; Ben-Mahmoud, Afif; Kim, Oc-Hee; Choi, Tae-Ik; Lee, Kang-Han; Ku, Bonsu; Eum, Juneyong; Kee, Yun; Lee, Sangkyu; Cha, Jihoon; Won, DongJu; Lee, Seung-Tae; Choi, Jong Rak; Lee, Joon Soo; Kim, Heung Dong; Kim, Hyung-Goo; Bonkowsky, Joshua L.; Kang, Hoon-Chul; Kim, Cheol-Hee | Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Biol, 99 Daehak Ro, Daejeon 34134, South Korea; Yonsei Univ, Severance Childrens Hosp, Epilepsy Res Inst,Coll Med, Dept Pediat,Div Pediat Neurol,Pediat Epilepsy Cli, Seoul, South Korea; Hamad Bin Khalifa Univ, Neurol Disorders Res Ctr, Qatar Biomed Res Inst, Doha, Qatar; Korea Res Inst Biosci & Biotechnol, Daejeon, South Korea; Kangwon Natl Univ, Div Biomed Convergence, Chunchon, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Coll Pharm, Daegu, South Korea; Yonsei Univ, Severance Hosp, Dept Radiol, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea; Yonsei Univ, Severance Hosp, Res Inst Radiol Sci, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea; Yonsei Univ, Severance Hosp, Dept Lab Med, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea; Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA; Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Brain & Spine Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT 84113 USA | ; Lee, Yu-Ri/AAC-2180-2021; Ku, Bonsu/LZE-8247-2025; Ben Mahmoud, Afif/LYP-1195-2024; Kim, Oc-Hee/AAP-7822-2020; Kim, Cheol-Hee/F-6278-2013; Kim, sung-Koo/J-3859-2019; Kee, Yun/LDE-8635-2024; LEE, SOOYEON/KAM-6204-2024 | 57003921900; 56561828600; 55669395000; 55624230300; 57189591841; 57188923962; 14033375100; 57192073132; 36902160900; 57209046767; 23476481000; 57209771952; 35269208300; 35268193700; 8297306900; 55663996600; 55766544300; 6603336483; 34770080800; 16245115100 | hkim@hbku.edu.qa;Joshua.Bonkowsky@hsc.utah.edu;HIP00207@yuhs.ac;zebrakim@cnu.ac.kr;HIPO0207@yuhs.ac; | HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS | HUM MOL GENET | 0964-6906 | 1460-2083 | 30 | 5 | SCIE | BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY;GENETICS & HEREDITY | 2021 | 5.121 | 20.3 | 0.9 | 2025-07-30 | 11 | 12 | TRANSFER-RNA-SYNTHETASE; UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE; CHILDHOOD ATAXIA; BRAIN; MUTATIONS; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; HYPOMYELINATION; ANGIOGENESIS; MYELINATION; GENERATION | Alleles; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Disease Models, Animal; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2B; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Knockout Techniques; Humans; Infant; Leukoencephalopathies; Models, Molecular; Myelin Sheath; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Protein Conformation; Sequence Deletion; Stress, Physiological; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Zebrafish; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2b3; guanine nucleotide exchange factor; myelin; semaxanib; unclassified drug; vasculotropin; guanine nucleotide exchange factor; vasculotropin A; adult; allele; angiogenesis; animal experiment; Article; cell differentiation; child; clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat; computer model; controlled study; deletion mutant; ectopic expression; embryo; female; gene expression; genetic variability; glia cell; human; major clinical study; mutagenesis; nonhuman; phenotype; priority journal; vanishing white matter disease; zebra fish; allele; angiogenesis; animal; chemistry; disease model; gene deletion; gene expression regulation; gene knockout; genetics; infant; leukoencephalopathy; metabolism; molecular model; myelin sheath; physiological stress; protein conformation | English | 2021 | 2021-03-01 | 10.1093/hmg/ddab033 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | |||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Intra-Operative Optical Coherence Imaging of <italic>In-Vivo</italic> Chronic Otitis Media Followed by Post-Operative Audiogram Assessments | The successful surgery of chronic otitismedia (COM) is challenging; this depends on the surgeon's knowledge of the optical visibility of surgical microscopes. Herein, we reported the utilization of intra-surgical optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to effectively guide the surgery ofCOMbased on augmented reality with cross-sectional images. The intra-surgical spectraldomain OCT system with a center wavelength of 846 nm was capable of obtaining non-invasive, high-resolution, and high-speed visualizations with an axial resolution of 8 mu m, lateral resolution of 30 mu m, and an extended working distance of 280 mm. Three patients with COM were involved in this research. The lesion conditions of the temporal bone were observed with computed tomography pre-operatively. Furthermore, pure-tone audiogram examinations were performed to evaluate pre and post-surgical conditions. The results revealed that the averaged air-bone gap of 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 4 kHz in all cases improved to 61%. Thus, the research proves that the experimental procedure can be beneficial and clinically applicable with the developed intra-surgical OCT system for future otolaryngological assessments. | Kim, Hayoung; Lee, Jaeyul; Wijesinghe, Ruchire Eranga; Jang, Jeong Hun; Jeon, Mansik; Kim, Jeehyun | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, Coll IT Engn, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Coll IT Engn, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Kyungil Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Coll Engn, Gyeongsangbuk Do 38428, South Korea; Kyungil Univ, Dept Autonomous Robot Engn, Coll Smart Engn, Gyeongsangbuk Do 38428, South Korea; Ajou Univ, Sch Med, Dept Otolaryngol, Gyeunggi Do 16499, South Korea | Wijesinghe, Ruchire/K-3797-2016 | 57214326551; 57188689420; 56018152300; 26639429600; 24171094000; 7601373350 | hayoung1101@knu.ac.kr;jaeyul@knu.ac.kr;eranga@kiu.kr;jhj@ajou.ac.kr;msjeon@knu.ac.kr;jeehk@knu.ac.kr; | IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS | IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT | 1077-260X | 1558-4542 | 27 | 4 | SCIE | ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC;OPTICS;PHYSICS, APPLIED;QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY | 2021 | 4.653 | 20.3 | 0.4 | 2025-07-30 | 0 | 7 | Surgery; Laser beams; Microscopy; Ear; Visualization; Augmented reality; Bones; Optical coherence tomography; chronic otitis media; surgical guidance; audiogram diagnostics; transplantation | MIDDLE-EAR; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; TOMOGRAPHY OCT; SD-OCT; TYMPANOMASTOIDECTOMY; INNER; FOCUS | audiogram diagnostics; chronic otitis media; Optical coherence tomography; surgical guidance; transplantation | Augmented reality; Computerized tomography; Diagnosis; Transplantation (surgical); Audiogram diagnostic; Chronic otiti medium; Condition; In-vivo; Intra-operative; Optical coherence imaging; Otitis media; Surgical guidance; Tomography system; Transplantation; Optical tomography | English | 2021 | 2021 (JUL-AUG) | 10.1109/jstqe.2020.3022927 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | |
| ○ | ○ | Article | Extracellular vesicles derived from fibroblasts promote wound healing by optimizing fibroblast and endothelial cellular functions | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been exhibited as promising candidates for delivering endogenous therapeutic cargos for regenerative therapies. The fibroblasts could a candidate source cells for EVs and investigating their therapeutic effects in wound healing. Here we demonstrated the isolation and characterization fibroblast (L929 cell line) derived EVs (L929-EVs). Furthermore, L929-EVs treatment showed pro-wound healing effects in vitro by enhancing proliferation, migration, and scarless wound healing related genes in fibroblast cells. L929-EVs treatment also enhanced the migration and tube formation of endothelial cells. The combination of L929-EVs with fibrin glue accelerated the wound healing in the skin wound mouse model by enhancing collagen formation, collagen maturation, and blood vessels in the wounded skin. The role of fibroblast derived EVs in the wound healing could be an important phenomena and this fibroblast derived EVs can be harnessed for wound healing therapies. | Oh, Eun Jung; Gangadaran, Prakash; Rajendran, Ramya Lakshmi; Kim, Hyun Mi; Oh, Ji Min; Choi, Kang Young; Chung, Ho Yun; Ahn, Byeong-Cheol | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Kyungpook Natl Univ Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Plast & Reconstruct Surg,CMRI, Daegu, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Med, Dept Nucl Med, Daegu, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Med, BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educ Program Biomed Sci, Daegu, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Nucl Med, Daegu, South Korea | Gangadaran, Prakash/AAV-3102-2021; Rajendran, Ramya/AAV-6338-2021 | 35746789300; 54393130400; 57195318729; 57261065200; 57190370462; 57203745682; 7404007181; 7202791511 | hy-chung@knu.ac.kr;abc2000@knu.ac.kr; | STEM CELLS | STEM CELLS | 1066-5099 | 1549-4918 | 39 | 3 | SCIE | BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY;CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING;CELL BIOLOGY;HEMATOLOGY;ONCOLOGY | 2021 | 5.845 | 20.4 | 4.47 | 2025-07-30 | 51 | 50 | extracellular vesicles; mouse model; wound healing; wound repair | MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; FIBRIN SEALANT; STROMAL CELLS; ANGIOGENESIS; MECHANISMS; MIGRATION; EFFICACY; GLUE | extracellular vesicles; mouse model; wound healing; wound repair | Animals; Cell Proliferation; Collagen; Endothelial Cells; Extracellular Vesicles; Fibroblasts; Mice; Skin; Wound Healing; fibrin glue; collagen; angiogenesis; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; Article; blood vessel; cell function; cell isolation; cell migration; cell proliferation; collagen synthesis; controlled study; endothelium cell; exosome; female; fibroblast; gene expression; immunohistochemistry; in vitro study; mouse; NCTC clone 929 cell line; nonhuman; skin injury; wound healing; animal; endothelium cell; exosome; fibroblast; metabolism; physiology; skin; wound healing | English | 2021 | 2021-03 | 10.1002/stem.3310 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | |
| ○ | ○ | Article | Where were the repair ingredients for Defects4j bugs? Exploring the impact of repair ingredient retrieval on the performance of 24 program repair systems | A significant body of automated program repair research has built approaches under the redundancy assumption. Patches are then heuristically generated by leveraging repair ingredients (change actions and donor code) that are found in code bases (either the buggy program itself or big code). For example, common change actions (i.e., fix patterns) are frequently mined offline and serve as an important ingredient for many patch generation engines. Although the repetitiveness of code changes has been studied in general, the literature provides little insight into the relationship between the performance of the repair system and the source code base where the change actions were mined. Similarly, donor code is another important repair ingredient to concretize patches guided by abstract patterns. Yet, little attention has been paid to where such ingredients can actually be found. Through a large scale empirical study on the execution results of 24 repair systems evaluated on real-world bugs from Defects4J, we provide a comprehensive view on the distribution of repair ingredients that are relevant for these bugs. In particular, we show that (1) a half of bugs cannot be fixed simply because the relevant repair ingredient is not available in the search space of donor code; (2) bugs that are correctly fixed by literature tools are mostly addressed with shallow change actions; (3) programs with little history of changes can benefit from mining change actions in other programs; (4) parts of donor code to repair a given bug can be found separately at different search locations; (5) bug-triggering test cases are a rich source for donor code search. | Yang, Deheng; Liu, Kui; Kim, Dongsun; Koyuncu, Anil; Kim, Kisub; Tian, Haoye; Lei, Yan; Mao, Xiaoguang; Klein, Jacques; Bissyande, Tegawende F. | Natl Univ Def Technol, Changsha, Peoples R China; Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Nanjing, Peoples R China; State Key Lab Math Engn & Adv Comp, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Peoples R China; Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut, Minist Ind & Informat Technol, Key Lab Safety Crit Software, Nanjing, Peoples R China; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Daegu, South Korea; Sabanci Univ, Istanbul, Turkey; Univ Luxembourg, SnT, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Chongqing Univ, Chongqing, Peoples R China | ; Kim, Kisub/GMX-3152-2022; Kim, Dongsun/B-4856-2015; Koyuncu, Anil/AAA-5382-2021; TIAN, Haoye/JBJ-7365-2023 | 57200283626; 57203748234; 55742964600; 57195259860; 57200368137; 57219796620; 55541448200; 35786043900; 56282553000; 36080354200 | yangdeheng13@nudt.edu.cn;kui.liu@nuaa.edu.cn;darkrsw@knu.ac.kr;anil.koyuncn@sabanciuniv.edu;kisub.kim@uni.lu;haoye.tian@uni.lu;yanlei@cqu.edu.cn;xgmao@nudt.edu.cn;jacques.klein@uni.lu;tegawende.bissyande@uni.lu; | EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING | EMPIR SOFTW ENG | 1382-3256 | 1573-7616 | 26 | 6 | SCIE | COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING | 2021 | 3.762 | 20.5 | 0.99 | 2025-07-30 | 11 | 24 | Automated Program Repair; Fix Ingredient; Code Change Action; Donor Code | CODE | Automated Program Repair; Code Change Action; Donor Code; Fix Ingredient | Defects; Program debugging; Code changes; Code search; Empirical studies; Real-world; Repair system; Search spaces; Source codes; Test case; Repair | English | 2021 | 2021-11 | 10.1007/s10664-021-10003-7 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | |
| ○ | ○ | Article | Excellent dye degradation performance of FeSiBP amorphous alloys by Fenton-like process | Amorphous alloys are being newly applied in wastewater treatment because of their unique atomic packing structure. They possess excellent degradation efficiency, stability and reusability. In this work, Fe80Si10B10 and Fe83Si5B8P4 amorphous ribbons exhibited advanced catalytic performance for the degradation of Methyl Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes, and the color removal reach nearly 100% within 11 min for both the dyes. Compared with the Fe80Si10B10 amorphous ribbon, the Fe83Si5B8P4 ribbon showed higher degradation efficiency due to its lower reaction activation energy, higher electron transfer ability and higher Fe content, and the formation of the galvanic cell between the strong Fe-P bonds and the weak Fe-B bonds. It also exhibited high stability and reusability. The degradation efficiency was improved when the appropriate concentration of H2O2 is added. As regards the pH, high degradation efficiency was observed in acidic MB solution, but it decreased as the pH increased up to pH 7. The application of the electro-Fenton-like process is discussed, which can effectively improve the degradation performance in a nearly natural solution. This study presents a high efficiency low-cost catalyst for synthetic dye degradation and expands the functional applications of Fe-based amorphous alloys. (C) 2021 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. | Zuo, Mingqing; Yi, Seonghoon; Choi, Junhyeok | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Met Engn, Daegu 41566, South Korea | Yi, Seonghoon/HGC-6912-2022; Zuo, Mingqing/KSZ-8653-2024 | 57192670037; 14008383000; 57221311984 | yish@knu.ac.kr; | JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES | J ENVIRON SCI | 1001-0742 | 1878-7320 | 105 | SCIE | ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES | 2021 | 6.796 | 20.6 | 1 | 2025-07-30 | 31 | 28 | Metallic glasses; Azo dyes; Advanced oxidation processes; Decolorization; Stability | BULK METALLIC GLASSES; ZERO-VALENT IRON; AZO-DYE; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; WASTE-WATER; EFFICIENT DEGRADATION; FE; OXIDATION; CATALYST; REACTIVITY | Advanced oxidation processes; Azo dyes; Decolorization; Metallic glasses; Stability | Alloys; Catalysis; Coloring Agents; Hydrogen Peroxide; Water Purification; Activation energy; Amorphous alloys; Degradation; Electron transport properties; Hydrogen peroxide; Reusability; Rhodamine B; Rhodium compounds; Silicon; Silicon alloys; Stripping (dyes); Wastewater treatment; alloy; coloring agent; hydrogen peroxide; Amorphous ribbon; Catalytic performance; Degradation efficiency; Electron transfer; Fe-based amorphous alloy; Fenton-like process; Functional applications; Low cost catalysts; alloy; catalysis; catalyst; degradation; dye; oxidation; catalysis; water management; Iron alloys | English | 2021 | 2021-07 | 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.032 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | ||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Fluorocarbon Rubber-Based Inert Dry Adhesive for Applications under Harsh Conditions | Artificial dry adhesives have been developed based on materials and production methods by many researchers. Nowadays, extensive research has attempted to apply dry adhesives to various industrial fields, such as glass transportation systems, with admirable performance. However, most artificial dry adhesives consist of polymers such as thermosetting polymers, ultraviolet curable polymers, and water-based polymers. These polymers exhibit low thermal resistance and outgassing under high-vacuum conditions. Hence, the usage of dry adhesives under high-temperature and vacuum conditions, such as semiconductor manufacturing processes, is critically limited. In this study, based on the contact mechanism, a dry adhesive for use under high-temperature and vacuum conditions is developed using fluorocarbon rubber with excellent thermal resistance and low outgassing properties. The fluorocarbon rubber dry adhesive (FDA) material shows a high pull-off strength of up to 24.1 N cm(-2) and its performance is verified through various experiments. Glass transportation experiments using a robot arm and custom-built equipment are also conducted and the results confirm the feasibility of using FDA in industrial applications. The FDA is expected to be a useful alternative under high-temperature and vacuum conditions, such as those in the aerospace industry and display manufacturing processes. | Lee, Sung Ho; Kim, Hyo Sung; Song, Hyun Woo; Kwak, Moon Kyu | Univ Michigan, Elect Elect & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Daegu 41566, South Korea | ; Kwak, Moon/AGQ-6058-2022 | 56195582600; 59283618800; 57212219196; 57203947984 | mkkwak@knu.ac.kr; | ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS | ACS APPL POLYM MATER | 2637-6105 | 3 | 8 | SCIE | MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY;POLYMER SCIENCE | 2021 | 4.855 | 20.6 | 0.88 | 2025-07-30 | 13 | 13 | dry adhesive; work of adhesion; fluoroelastomer (FKM); glass transportation; semiconductor manufacturing system | NANOCOMPOSITES; FABRICATION; FRICTION; DESIGN | dry adhesive; fluoroelastomer (FKM); glass transportation; semiconductor manufacturing system; work of adhesion | Aerospace industry; Fluorocarbons; Glass; Industrial research; Industrial robots; Rubber; Rubber applications; Semiconductor device manufacture; Fluorocarbon rubbers; High-vacuum conditions; Manufacturing process; Pull off strengths; Semiconductor manufacturing process; Thermosetting polymers; Transportation system; Ultraviolet curable; Adhesives | English | 2021 | 2021-08-13 | 10.1021/acsapm.1c00527 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | ||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Highly Refractive Aromatic Polybenzoxazoles Derived from Sulfur-Containing Dibenzoyl Chlorides | A series of aromatic polybenzoxazoles (PBOs) containing sulfur atoms in their main chains were developed. All of the PBOs were prepared from synthesized hydroxyl-diamine 4,4'-bis(4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylthio)diphenylsulfide (3SDA) and aromatic diacyl chlorides, such as 4,4'-((thiobis(4,1-phenylene))bis(sulfanediyl))dibenzoyl chloride (3SDBC), trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarbonyl dichloride (trans-CHDC), isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC), and 4,4'-oxybis(benzoyl chloride) (OBC), via a conventional two-step procedure. The PBOs exhibited high thermal stability, thermal decomposition temperature (>430 degrees C), and glass-transition temperature (204-255 degrees C). The PBO derived from 3SDA and 3SDBC exhibited a very high refractive index, i.e., 1.7862 at 637 nm due to the high sulfur content (21.79%). | Kim, Hyeonil; Yeo, Hyeonuk; Ko, Heung Cho; You, Nam-Ho | Korea Inst Sci & Technol, Inst Adv Composite Mat, Carbon Composite Mat Res Ctr, Jeollabuk Do 565905, South Korea; Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol GIST, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Gwangju 500712, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Chem Educ, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Pharm, Daegu 41566, South Korea | yeo, hyeonuk/G-7890-2017; Yeo, Hyeonuk/AHE-0397-2022 | 57037960300; 55324816500; 7201926396; 55204428300 | polymer@kist.re.kr; | ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS | ACS APPL POLYM MATER | 2637-6105 | 3 | 10 | SCIE | MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY;POLYMER SCIENCE | 2021 | 4.855 | 20.6 | 0.15 | 2025-07-30 | 2 | 2 | poly(benzoxazole); polyimide; polymer optics; optical properties; high refractive index | INVERSE VULCANIZATION; POLYIMIDES; INDEX; POLYMERS; RESIN | high refractive index; optical properties; poly(benzoxazole); polyimide; polymer optics | Amines; Aromatic compounds; Aromatization; Decomposition; Glass transition; Refractive index; Benzoyl chlorides; High refractive; High refractive index; Main chains; Poly(benzoxazole); Poly(benzoxazoles); Polybenzoxazole; Polymer optics; Sulphur atoms; Synthesised; Chlorine compounds | English | 2021 | 2021-10-08 | 10.1021/acsapm.1c00694 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | ||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Photogenerated Charge-Aided Low-Voltage Operation of n-Channel Organic Transistors with n-Type Conjugated Polymers-Toward Photosensor Applications | Organic semiconducting materials with a low charge carrier mobility cannot properly act as a channel layer at low voltages for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Here, we demonstrate that an n-type conjugated polymer, poly[{5,5,11,11-tetrakis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2-yl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene}-co-{2,7-bis(2-octyldodecyl)benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2H, 7H)-tetraone}] (PIDTT-NDI), works as an n-channel layer at <= 5 V under light illumination, even though the devices are unable to operate as a transistor in the dark at low voltages. PIDTT-NDI layers with three different thicknesses (t = 50, 70, and 100 nm) are placed on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) gate-insulating layers in the OFET geometry of bottom-gate and top-source/drain electrodes. Two individual monochromatic light with wavelengths (lambda) of 434 and 754 nm, which are chosen from the main peaks in the optical absorption spectra of the PIDTT-NDI films, are employed as a photoexcitation source. The results show that the light illumination delivers proper output and transfer curves of typical n-channel OFETs at <= 5 V, and the electrical conductance of devices gradually increased with the light intensity. In particular, a remarkable enhancement in the photosensitivity (ca. 14,000% at lambda = 434 nm) is achieved for the OFETs with the 100 nm-thick PIDTT-NDI layers due to the extremely low drain current level in the dark (5 V). | Lee, Saebom; Kim, Taehoon; Kim, Hwajeong; Kim, Youngkyoo | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Appl Chem Engn, Dept Chem Engn, Organ Nanoelect Lab, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Appl Chem Engn, Dept Chem Engn, KNU Inst Nanophoton Applicat KINPA, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Prior Res Ctr, Daegu 41566, South Korea | 57220102349; 57218650958; 15520531700; 10340424400 | ykimm@knu.ac.kr; | ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS | ACS APPL POLYM MATER | 2637-6105 | 3 | 12 | SCIE | MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY;POLYMER SCIENCE | 2021 | 4.855 | 20.6 | 0.29 | 2025-07-30 | 4 | 4 | photogenerated charges; n-type conjugated polymers; low voltage; n-channel; OFETs | FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR; DIKETOPYRROLOPYRROLE; AGGREGATION; TRANSPORT; DEVICE | low voltage; n-channel; n-type conjugated polymers; OFETs; photogenerated charges | Carrier mobility; Drain current; Esters; Light absorption; Light sensitive materials; Organic field effect transistors; Photosensitivity; Channel layers; Light illumination; Low voltage operation; Low voltages; N-channel; N-type conjugated polymer; Organic field-effect transistors; Organic transistor; Photogenerated charge; Photosensor; Conjugated polymers | English | 2021 | 2021-12-10 | 10.1021/acsapm.1c00698 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | |||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Reliable and cost-effective wind farm control strategy for offshore wind turbines | The power converter is among the most vulnerable wind turbine components. It is thus important to improve its reliability, especially when wind turbines are offshore because they are often exposed to severe weather conditions. A wind turbine is normally regulated using a dedicated controller, coupled with a power converter, but the control strategy proposed here requires a group (or cluster) of turbines to share a controller/converter between several turbines. The shared controller/converter would be placed somewhere more accessible, such as a substation. The potential benefits include improved reliability of each turbine due to the simplification (having removed its vulnerable power converter) and greater energy yield as a result of improved accessibility (which would lead to reduced downtime). The Matlab/Simulink model of Supergen Wind 5 MW exemplar wind turbine is employed to simulate each turbine. In order to simulate a cluster of multiple turbines, each Supergen model is first discretised and, in turn, converted to C to reduce the simulation time, ensuring at the same time that the complexity of each turbine model is not compromised. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Hur, Sung-ho | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Daegu, South Korea | 36455858700 | hur.s.h@ieee.org; | RENEWABLE ENERGY | RENEW ENERG | 0960-1481 | 1879-0682 | 163 | SCIE | ENERGY & FUELS;GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY | 2021 | 8.634 | 20.6 | 0.17 | 2025-07-30 | 2 | 4 | Wind turbine control; Wind farm control; Offshore wind energy; Wind farm modelling | Offshore wind energy; Wind farm control; Wind farm modelling; Wind turbine control | Controllers; Cost effectiveness; MATLAB; Offshore oil well production; Offshore wind farms; Power converters; Control strategies; Cost effective; Dedicated controllers; Matlab/Simulink modeling; Potential benefits; Severe weather; Simulation time; Turbine modeling; control system; cost analysis; energy efficiency; energy planning; power generation; reliability analysis; wind farm; wind turbine; Offshore wind turbines | English | 2021 | 2021-01 | 10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.049 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | ||||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Thermal Conducting Thermosets Driven by Molecular Structurally Enhanced Mesogen Interactions | Thermally conductive thermosets are greatly relevant for improving heat dissipation in advanced electronics. Although the thermal conductivities of organic materials, which are largely heat insulators, cannot be readily improved, a liquid crystal moiety can efficiently improve these properties via its selfassembling nature. Here, we report the syntheses of a series of bifunctional liquid crystal epoxy resins (LCERs) containing double mesogenic structures that are connected by aliphatic spacers to enhance their self-assembling properties. Phenyl benzoate derivatives are utilized as mesogens, and the series is chemically well-characterized. Although all the monomers exhibit clear mesomorphic properties in a wide temperature range (115-210 degrees C), as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy investigations, a slight difference is observed based on the length of the spacer. Cured LCERs are prepared by hot compression molding utilizing 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, which is a suitable curing agent for the liquid crystal (LC) phases. They exhibit a glass transition temperature (T-g) of similar to 100 degrees C with a high decomposition temperature of similar to 350 degrees C. Interestingly, owing to the enhanced LC interaction, the maximum thermal conductivity attained is 0.45 W/m.K, which is remarkably high. | Olamilekan, Arinola Isa; Yeo, Hyeonuk | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Sci Educ, Daegu 41566, South Korea | Yeo, Hyeonuk/AHE-0397-2022; Olamilekan, Arinola isa/AAF-9952-2021; yeo, hyeonuk/G-7890-2017 | 57218140505; 55324816500 | yeo@knu.ac.kr; | ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS | ACS APPL POLYM MATER | 2637-6105 | 3 | 8 | SCIE | MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY;POLYMER SCIENCE | 2021 | 4.855 | 20.6 | 1.24 | 2025-07-30 | 23 | 21 | thermosetting polymer; epoxy resin; liquid crystalline polymer; thermal conductivity; curing | LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE EPOXY; WIDE-TEMPERATURE-RANGE; POLYMER NETWORKS; RESIN; COMPOSITES; ELASTOMERS; MODEL | curing; epoxy resin; liquid crystalline polymer; thermal conductivity; thermosetting polymer | Compression molding; Curing; Differential scanning calorimetry; Epoxy resins; Glass transition; Liquid crystals; Shims; Thermosets; Advanced Electronics; Bifunctional liquids; Decomposition temperature; Diaminodiphenylmethane; Mesomorphic property; Polarized optical microscopy; Self-assembling properties; Wide temperature ranges; Thermal conductivity | English | 2021 | 2021-08-13 | 10.1021/acsapm.1c00617 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | ||
| ○ | ○ | Article | Assessing the Influence of Large-Scale Environmental Conditions on the Rainfall Structure of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones: An Observational Study | Understanding the mechanisms related to the variations in the rainfall structure of tropical cyclones (TCs) is crucial in improving forecasting systems of TC rainfall and its impact. Using satellite precipitation and reanalysis data, we examined the influence of along-track large-scale environmental conditions on inner-core rainfall strength (RS) and total rainfall area (RA) for Atlantic TCs during the TC season (July-November) from 1998 to 2019. Factor analysis revealed three major factors associated with variations in RS and RA: large-scale low and high pressure systems [factor 1 (F1)]; environmental flows, sea surface temperature, and humidity [factor 2 (F2)]; and maximum wind speed of TCs [factor 3 (F3)]. Results from our study indicate that RS increases with an increase in the inherent primary circulation of TCs (i.e., F3) but is less affected by large-scale environmental conditions (i.e., F1 and F2), whereas RA is primarily influenced by large-scale low and high pressure systems (i.e., F1) over the entire North Atlantic and partially influenced by environmental flows, sea surface temperature, humidity, and maximum wind speed (i.e., F2 and F3). A multivariable regression model based on the three factors accounted for the variations of RS and RA across the entire basin. In addition, regional distributions of mean RS and RA from the model significantly resembled those from observations. Therefore, our study suggests that large-scale environmental conditions over the North Atlantic Ocean are important predictors for TC rainfall forecasts, particularly with regard to RA. | Kim, Dasol; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Murakami, Hiroyuki; Park, Doo-Sun R. | Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul, South Korea; NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Earth Sci Educ, Daegu, South Korea | Ho, Chang-Hoi/H-8354-2015; Murakami, Hiroyuki/L-5745-2015; Park, Doo-Sun/U-9448-2019; Kim, Dasol/GWR-1499-2022 | 56420697800; 7404653593; 35372180500; 37117659000 | hoch@cpl.snu.ac.kr; | JOURNAL OF CLIMATE | J CLIMATE | 0894-8755 | 1520-0442 | 34 | 6 | SCIE | METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES | 2021 | 5.38 | 20.7 | 1.05 | 2025-07-30 | 20 | 20 | Atmosphere; Atlantic Ocean; Rainfall; Tropical cyclones; Satellite observations | VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; GULF-OF-MEXICO; NONDEVELOPING DISTURBANCES; UNITED-STATES; STORM MOTION; PART I; INTENSITY; ASYMMETRIES; LANDFALL; SIZE | Atlantic Ocean; Atmosphere; Rainfall; Satellite observations; Tropical cyclones | Atlantic Ocean; Atmospheric temperature; Hurricanes; Oceanography; Regression analysis; Storms; Submarine geophysics; Surface properties; Surface waters; Tropics; Weather forecasting; Wind; Environmental conditions; High pressure system; Multivariable regression model; North Atlantic Ocean; Rainfall structures; Regional distribution; Satellite precipitation; Sea surface temperature (SST); atmosphere; environmental conditions; precipitation (climatology); rainfall; satellite data; tropical cyclone; weather forecasting; Rain | English | 2021 | 2021-03 | 10.1175/jcli-d-20-0376.1 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | |
| ○ | ○ | Article | Comparison of Regional Climate Model Performances for Different Types of Heat Waves over South Korea | South Korea's heat wave events over 39 years (1980-2018) were defined by spatiotemporal criteria, and their quantitative characteristics were analyzed. The duration and intensity of these events ranked highest in 2016 and 2018. An examination of synoptic conditions of heat wave events in 2016 and 2018 based on a reanalysis dataset revealed a positive anomaly of 500-hPa geopotential height, which could have induced warm conditions over the Korean Peninsula in both years. However, a difference prevailed in that there was a blocking high over the Kamchatka Peninsula and a continental thermal high over northern China in 2016, while the expansion of the western North Pacific subtropical high was mainly associated with 2018 heat wave events. Numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were conducted to 1) evaluate how distinct meteorological characteristics of heat wave events in 2016 and 2018 were reproduced by the model, and 2) investigate how they affect extreme temperature events. Typical synoptic features of the 2016 heat wave events (i.e., Kamchatka blocking and continental thermal high) were not captured well by the WRF Model, while those of 2018 were reasonably reproduced. On the contrary, the heat wave event during late August 2016 related to the Kamchatka blocking high was realistically simulated when the blocking was artificially sustained by applying spectral nudging. In conclusion, the existence of a blocking high over the Kamchatka region (i.e., northern Pacific region) is an important feature to accurately predict long-lasting heat waves in East Asia. | Yoon, Donghyuck; Cha, Dong-Hyun; Lee, Myong-In; Min, Ki-Hong; Jun, Sang-Yoon; Choi, Yonghan | Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Urban & Environm Engn, Ulsan, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Astron & Atmospher Sci, Daegu, South Korea; Korea Polar Res Inst, Unit Arctic Sea Ice Predict, Incheon, South Korea | Cha, Dong-Hyun/F-4901-2015; Yoon, Donghyuck/ISS-5217-2023; Lee, Myong-In/F-3578-2010 | 57204630556; 55418553100; 58530782000; 37089364100; 43561261500; 54789553800 | dhcha@unist.ac.kr; | JOURNAL OF CLIMATE | J CLIMATE | 0894-8755 | 1520-0442 | 34 | 6 | SCIE | METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES | 2021 | 5.38 | 20.7 | 0.98 | 2025-07-30 | 15 | 13 | Asia; Extreme events; Numerical analysis; modeling; Regional models; Blocking | ATMOSPHERIC BLOCKING; FUTURE CHANGES; SOIL-MOISTURE; SUMMER HEAT; IMPACT; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATIONS; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; DOWNSTREAM | Asia; Blocking; Extreme events; Numerical analysis/modeling; Regional models | South Korea; Climatology; Weather forecasting; Extreme temperature events; Geo-potential heights; Numerical experiments; Quantitative characteristics; Regional climate modeling; Synoptic conditions; Weather research and forecasting models; Western North Pacific; atmospheric blocking; climate modeling; comparative study; extreme event; heat wave; numerical model; regional climate; Climate models | English | 2021 | 2021-03 | 10.1175/jcli-d-20-0422.1 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | |
| ○ | ○ | Article | Diverse coordination geometry of cobalt (II), zinc (II), and cadmium (II) complexes comprising N,N-bis(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)amines derivatives: Synthesis, structures, and ring opening polymerization of rac-lactide | A series of six new complexes of Co (II), Zn (II), and Cd (II) supported by bis(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)amine derivatives (N,N-bis((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-1-phenylethanamine (L-A), N,N-bis((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-1-(furan-2-yl)methanamine (L-B), and N,N-bis((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-4-isopropylaniline (L-C) synthesized. The direct chelation of the ligands (L-n = L-A - L-C) with ZnCl2, CoCl2.6H(2)O, and CdBr2 center dot 4H(2)O produced [LnMX2] (L-n = L-A - L-C; M = Zn, Co; X = Cl; M = Cd, X = Br) and [LCCd(mu-Br)Br](2) in high yields. Structural studies revealed that [LnZnCl2] (L-n = L-A - L-C), [LACdBr2], and [LCCoCl2] adopted the distorted tetrahedral geometry, whereas [LACoCl2] and [LCCd(mu-Br)Br](2) adopted a distorted square pyramidal geometry by coordinating with corresponding ligands in a bidentate fashion. Additionally, [LBCdBr2] possessed a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry that was obtained by the chelation with corresponding ancillary ligands in the tridentate coordination mode. The dimethyl derivatives of [LnMMe2] (L-n = L-A - L-C; M = Zn, Co; X = Cl; M = Cd, X = Br), which were generated in situ, were employed to catalyze the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide (rac-LA). Hetero-enriched polylactides (PLAs) were furnished with all these complexes (Complex [LBZnCl2] produced PLA with superior heterotactic bias (P-r of up to 0.93) at -25 degrees C). PLAs with wide-ranged polydispersity indices (PDI = 1.43-1.54) were produced in all the cases irrespective of the M (II) center and variations in ancillary ligands. | Choe, Solhye; Lee, Hyosun; Nayab, Saira | Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Chem, 80 Daehakro, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Kyungpook Natl Univ, Green Nano Mat Res Ctr, 80 Daehakro, Daegu 41566, South Korea; Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Univ, Dept Chem, Sheringal Dir, Pakistan | Nayab, Saira/JBS-3013-2023 | 57217147488; 15750846000; 36490286400 | hyosunlee@knu.ac.kr; | APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY | APPL ORGANOMET CHEM | 0268-2605 | 1099-0739 | 35 | 6 | SCIE | CHEMISTRY, APPLIED;CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR | 2021 | 4.072 | 20.7 | 0.66 | 2025-07-30 | 11 | 10 | (pyrazolyl)amine ligand; diverse coordination environment; hetero‐ enriched poly (lactide); ring‐ opening polymerization | HETEROTACTIC-ENRICHED POLYLACTIDE; LIGANDS SYNTHESIS; METAL-COMPLEXES; PRE-CATALYSTS; EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE; METHYL-METHACRYLATE; MAGNESIUM; CU(II); ALKOXIDE; ZN(II) | (pyrazolyl)amine ligand; diverse coordination environment; hetero-enriched poly (lactide); ring-opening polymerization | Amines; Cadmium compounds; Chelation; Cobalt compounds; Geometry; Ligands; Polydispersity; Synthesis (chemical); Zinc chloride; Amine derivatives; Coordination geometry; Coordination modes; Distorted tetrahedral geometries; Distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries; Polydispersity indices; Square-pyramidal geometry; Structural studies; Ring opening polymerization | English | 2021 | 2021-06 | 10.1002/aoc.6204 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 | 바로가기 |
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